Final Presentation-- Magic Material

Uploaded on authorSTREAM by pipcross

Commentary on Stress Intensification Factors (SIF)

A B31 (B31.1, B31.3, B31.4, B31.5, B31.8, B31.9, B31.11) stress intensification factor (SIF) is an empirically derived parameter that allows the designer to estimate the fatigue performance of a piping component or joint. The concept of the parameter was developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s and was incorporated into B31.1 - 1955, which had separate chapters for different piping applications which eventually were published as B31.1, B31.3, B31.4, etc. The original background discussion of SIFs was published in ASME Paper 53-A-51, "Piping-Flexibility Analysis" by A.R.C. Markl. (This paper is highly recommended reading for any serious student of piping design.) In the 1955 B31.1 document, SIFs were tabularized in Chapter 6, but subsequent separate publication of the B31 books (B31.1, B31.3, B31.4, etc.) have in many cases resulted in different SIFs for the same piping components and joints. However, there is absolutely no justification for having different SIFs for different applications. The differences are from a lack of communication between the ASME committees responsible for the development of the B31 books.

The SIF (i) parameter was and still is determined through testing by applying a reversing displacement to, i.e., developing an alternating stress in, an assembly of piping elements containing the piping component or joint under consideration. The reversing displacement is applied to the assembly until a fatigue failure occurs – fatigue failure being defined as crack initiation and propagation through the wall such that a leak occurs in the pressure boundary in or near the piping component or joint under consideration. The process is repeated by applying various reversing displacements to similar assemblies, developing an alternating stress/number of cycles to failure curve for the piping component or joint. The resulting curve is compared to a reference curve to determine the SIF. The reference curve is the failure curve for an as-welded circumferential butt weld, where the SIF for the butt weld is assigned a value of unity (i = 1.0).

But, the actual stress in an as-welded circumferential butt weld in nominal pipe intuitively and logically must be greater than the actual stress in the same size nominal pipe without a weld. However, the B31 "intensified" bending stress at a butt weld is equal to the SIF (i = 1.0) times the nominal stress (M/Z) at the butt weld. Thus, at a butt weld the B31 "intensified" stress is equal to the calculated nominal stress. This has caused and continues to cause considerable confusion in pressure component design, especially amongst serious analytic types who often claim that B31 "intensified" stresses are wrong, i.e., too low, when compared to actual or theoretical stresses. B31 acknowledges that B31 "intensified" stresses (iM/Z) are less than actual or theoretical stresses. However, in this case, what is not understood is that the B31 allowable fatigue (flexibility) stresses are correspondingly low when compared to the allowable fatigue stresses for components when actual or theoretical stresses are evaluated – the factor of safety in a B31 fatigue analysis is comparable to the factor of safety in an actual or theoretical analysis.

When actual or theoretical fatigue stresses are evaluated in nuclear Class 1 piping services, stress indices (not SIFs) are used. Stress indices are theoretically developed parameters that are (like SIFs) a measure of the fatigue performance of a nuclear Class 1 piping component or joint. In this case, however, fatigue failure is defined merely as crack initiation in the piping component or joint (as opposed to through-wall crack propagation). As noted above, the allowable fatigue stresses for nuclear Class 1 services are correspondingly higher than B31 allowable fatigue (flexibility) stresses.

What the B31 designer must remember is that he/she is calculating an "intensified" (or "effective") stress, not an actual or theoretical stress.

But why, in a time approaching an analytic utopia, is the B31 designer still using these "ancient" SIFs? The answer is simple. B31 SIFs are simple to determine and apply (simplified methods are necessary to gain the widest possible application and there's a lot of pipe to design). B31 SIFs are consistent with the technology of the piping industry (we are typically not building watches). Determining actual or theoretical stresses is usually more expensive and complicated (compare a nuclear Class 1 piping analysis with a B31.1 analysis or, if you're not conversant with things nuclear, compare a Section VIII, Division 2 analysis to Section VIII, Division 1 analysis, it's the same difference). And perhaps the best reason for using B31 SIFs is that the piping industry has almost 50 years of validating experience with them (most of the SIFs proposed by Markl are still accurate within the context of good engineering practice and good engineering is more than a worthwhile commodity).

 

Author: Mr. Ron Haupt, P. E., of Pressure Piping Engineering (www.ppea.net) is a member of several piping code committees (B31, B31.1, B31.3, BPTCS, and others). He consults with us in the capacity of Nuclear QA Manager.

學習以老師或學生為中心的差異

	老師為中心	學生為中心
責任	老師與學生皆須學生之學習責任	學生自己得主動學習
學習方式	受老師準備的內容及老師教授技巧影響	學生自己得建構自己的學習方式
內容	學習內容由老師主導，但不一定符合學生需求。	學生得自己尋找學習的材料，需要求救時才找老師。
優點	運用於制式化的考試， 效果佳、時間短	面對沒有標準答案的現實世界，此法比較容易適應
缺點	受老師影響大	可能會比較花時間
效果	短暫，可能考過就忘。	較長久。
結果	遇到真實問題時，可能還是不會解決。	遇到真實問題，可能不會解決，但有較多資源尋求解答。

 

Why Blog in Learning English

1.Link:There are so many resources in Internet.

2.Function

3.Trends

4.Constructivism:Construct your learning Model

5.Comunication

 

Until Now, "Blog" is a very good plateform in learning English.

Student-Run Bookstore 20080527

task school from middle school from San Francisco

has been very low for the past seven years

to improve students english skill and general literacy

two teachers help to set up a bookstore inside the school

the store provides every variety and interesting books and offerable prices

and opportunity for students to run it themselves.

Seven grade  "Rigina" is one of dozen students that help to run bookstore.

they rotate the assignment, greader, ????, cashiers.

they make sure other student get the book they like to read.

"if people wanna hold books, you write it down, and then you hold the book

for either after school or next week."

Price is offortable, ranging from 2 to 3 dollars a book.

Since it opened last two months ago,bobguba says the bookstore school has become favor place for student to hang out.

"My friends and my classmates, they really like the bookstore, because they could read book in the bookstore,

 They also could do something during lunch when they donated to do"

???? says most students like the bookstore more than the school library.

"As much as book i see that, The book is new, if you want to buy them. ?????

you can and check operation in a period of time.

Also the library is maybe big, it's quiet place, it thinks like more social area bookstore than the library ????

order last week and high light the book that we can find it.

?????????

?????????

if the book sale well, we are talking about reducing the price and then can having the sales"

language teachers, ???? and ????, work together to create the bookstore.

they receive the gram from school wide and organization to help school set up bookstore.

Having such resource of school wide succeess is a valuable tool for improving her student literacy

"we need to get in the hand of our kids, our population is very low, so as the economics,

and a lot of litina family,so they don't have strong literature or literacy background from the family"

-------------------WORD-------------------

-------------------WORD-------------------

offerable

tina family

-------------------WORD-------------------

San Francisco

a city and port in California, US.

It is a very beautiful city,

built on hills next to a bay (=an area of sea that curves inwards towards the land)   

on the Pacific Ocean. Its famous areas include Chinatown,

where many people live whose families originally came from China,

the Golden Gate Bridge, and the prison island of Alcatraz.

The city is close to the San Andreas fault, and was almost destroyed by the great earthquake

and fire of 1906.

 

hangout [countable

a place someone likes to go to often:

eg. The bar is a favourite hangout for students.

 

literacy [uncountable]

the state of being able to read and write [≠ illiteracy; ? numeracy]:

eg. a new adult literacy campaign

 

 

 

Student-Run Bookstore 20080526

San Francisco
has been very low for the past seven years
to improve students english skill and general literacy
two teachers help to set up a bookstore inside the school
the school provide every variety and interesting books and offerable prices
and and opportunity for students to run it by themselves.
Seven degree "Rigina" is one of dozen students that help to run bookstore.
they rotate the assignment, reader, ????, cashiers.
they make sure the student get the book they like to read.
"if people wanna hold books, you write it down, and then you hold this book
either for after school or next week."
Price is offortable, ranging from 2 to 3 dollars a book.
Since it opened two months ago,bob?? says the bookstore school has become favorite place for student to hang out.
"My friends and my classmates, they really like the bookstore, because they could read book in the bookstore,
They also could do something during lunch ???????"
rare ?????
Most students like the bookstore more than the school library.
"The book is new, if you want to buy it. ?????
you can check operation in a period of time.
Also the library is big, it's quiet place, it thinks like a social area ??????
and high light the book that we can find it.
if the book sale well, we will talk about reducing the price and then having sales"

???? treasure ?????
work together to create the bookstore.
they receive the gram from school wide and organization to help set up bookstore.
Having such resource the succeed bookstore is a valuable tool to improve student's literacy
"we need to get the books in the hand ??from the kid, our population is very low,
and so as the economics, a lot of litina family???
so they don't have strong literature or literacy background from the family"
-------------------WORD-------------------
-------------------WORD-------------------
offerable
tina family
-------------------WORD-------------------
San Francisco
a city and port in California, US.
It is a very beautiful city,
built on hills next to a bay (=an area of sea that curves inwards towards the land)
on the Pacific Ocean. Its famous areas include Chinatown,
where many people live whose families originally came from China,
the Golden Gate Bridge, and the prison island of Alcatraz.
The city is close to the San Andreas fault, and was almost destroyed by the great earthquake
and fire of 1906.

hangout [countable
a place someone likes to go to often:
eg. The bar is a favourite hangout for students.

literacy [uncountable]
the state of being able to read and write [≠ illiteracy; ? numeracy]:
eg. a new adult literacy campaign

Student-Run Bookstore 20080525

safrancisco
has very low in seven year
to improve students english skill and general literacy
two teachers help to set up bookstore inside the school
the school provide every vriaty interesting books and
oppotunity to run it by students themselves.
??? Riginal is one of dozen students that run this store.
????
they make sure the student get the book they like to read
"if people wanna hold books, you write it down, and you hold this book
either after school or next week."
Price is offortable,
Bu??? says the bookstore school is favorite place for student to hang out.
"My friend and my classmate really like the bookstore, because they could read in the bookstore,
They even do something over the lunch"
Most students like the bookstore more than the school libary.
"The book is new, if you want to buy it. social area....
we are talking about reducing the price"
work together to creat the bookstore.
is a valuable tool to improve student's literacy
"they don't have literature or literacy background from the family"
-------------------WORD-------------------
-------------------WORD-------------------
-------------------WORD-------------------

San Francisco
a city and port in California, US.
It is a very beautiful city,
built on hills next to a bay (=an area of sea that curves inwards towards the land)
on the Pacific Ocean. Its famous areas include Chinatown,
where many people live whose families originally came from China,
the Golden Gate Bridge, and the prison island of Alcatraz.
The city is close to the San Andreas fault, and was almost destroyed by the great earthquake
and fire of 1906.

hangout [countable
a place someone likes to go to often:
eg. The bar is a favourite hangout for students.

literacy [uncountable]
the state of being able to read and write [≠ illiteracy; ? numeracy]:
eg. a new adult literacy campaign

Student-Run Bookstore Boosts Literacy

Learning Tracing - bookstore

COURSE TIP 20080515

Course Tip

1.      You Forgot, Because use memory skill.

So, please do not use memory skill for learning English.

2. Our brain Like Short Stimulus.

Short stimulus help us learning. Using 5 mins benefit help you saving time and learning English more efficiently.

3. What you can do when you are listening English material ?

a Write down what you heard.

b Listen Only

c Listen and speak it out instantly.

Home Work

1.      Search topic that is about meeting, conference, convention.

2.      Presume you were a chairman of one specific conference, how will you introduce this meeting? Write it down and record your voice.

3.      Presume you were the speaker of this conference, what will you talk about? Write is down and record your voice.

4.      Show your English Learning Trajectory on your blog.

5.      Evaluation. Now, we are in the middle of this course. Please write down your evaluation about this course. About the learning English, what is different in this course ? Do you have any recommendation ? What is really good for you ?

Good Web Site

BMW blog

http://www.bmwblog.com/

Taiwan News Online

http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/index_en.php

 

 

 

Sandwich Learning

Layer1
record your voice
Layer2
record the correct pronunciation
Layer3
record your voice again and repeat listen layer 1,2,3.

My Music - record my voice

Warren Buffett MBA Talk - Part 1

Bill Gates Speech at Harvard (part 3)

Bill Gates Speech at Harvard (part 2)

Bill Gates Speech at Harvard (part 1)

Steve Jobs Stanford Commencement Speech 2005

轉載於 http://blog.udn.com/dhu5853/1555335

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.

The first story is about connecting the dots.

I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?

It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.

And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.

It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:

Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.

Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.

My second story is about love and loss.

I was lucky — I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation — the Macintosh — a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.

I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me — I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.

I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.

During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I returned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.

I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.

My third story is about death.

When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.

Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.

About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.

I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.

This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:

No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.

Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

Thank you all very much.

Words Study In Self-Introduction

"BLESS"
to ask God to protect someone or something:
Example: The couple later had their marriage blessed in their local parish church.

"HELP"
[intransitive and transitive] to make it possible or easier for someone to do something by doing part of their work or by giving them something they need:
Example: If there's anything I can do to help, just give me a call.

"Group"
grow up phrasal verb
to develop from being a child to being an adult:
Exmple: What do you want to be when you grow up? I grew up in Chicago.

"get along"
1if two or more people get along, they have a friendly relationship:
Example: We've always got along quite well.
get along with
Example: They seem to get along with each other.
2to deal with a job or situation or to make progress:
Example: How's Sam getting along at university?
get along without
Example: Don't worry, we'll get along without you.
3 spoken I must/I'd better be getting along
used to say that it is time for you to leave, for example because you have something else to do

"HOPE"
5I hope (that) spoken used when you want to be polite and to make sure that you are not interrupting or offending someone:
Example: I hope I'm not interrupting you.
Example: I hope you don't mind me asking, but why are you moving?

VOA PodCast

Beacau it only takes 4 minutes, and has different topic everyday.
I choose 4 Minute Features


Development Report (Monday), Agriculture Report (Tuesday), Health Report (Wednesday), Education Report (Thursday), Economics Report (Friday)

VOA Learning English Podcasts

Good Speech-Obama's Victory Speech

Self Introduction

Hi, i am sean, i was born in I-Lan, and before I study in a university, i live there.It's great place for kids. Not much pressure or competition in studying. Kids always can find a place to play. It's a wonderful place, and the flow of time is more slow than Taipei.
In I-Lan, the most convinient transportation facility is motorcycle, but forchildren is bicycle.
Bicycle is important. Although I-Lan is a village area, but your bicycle could be stolen probabilely. During my elementary education, my bicycles had been stolen five times. And my parent didn't not want to buy any one to me. But God really bless me. One time, my grandmother asked me to give her tree random numbers.And then she used these number to win a lottery, but it was called 六合彩 at that time.She buy me a bicycle as a returning. I think i was lucky when i was young, let me share another experience.
When i was small, about seven years old, there was a lucky draw in the department store. My family sent me to draw what we can get. Finally, I help my family to get a refrigerator, ice box. It was the first prize in that activity. But next year, i was sent to draw again, i just got a washbowl. Maybe i grow up in the country, so i like to do exercise.
I like to play basketball, swimming, jogging and mountain hiking. When i was a university student,I joined the mountain climbing club. In my life, it is one of the decision that i never regret.Not only enjoy the beautiful scenery, but also learn how to live with other. Life is simple in the mountain. We wake up in the morning, then eat, then walk, then eat lunch,then walk, then put up our tent, then eat dinner and then sleep. And next day, we wake up, and repeat these thing again.
So, you spent lots of time with your partner. Maybe one is generous, diligent or kindly just because you only get along with hime only 3 hours a week,but if you really live with him all of the day, it maybe continue 5 to 10 days, You will know him in true.Sharing is very important, when we are in the mountain, we could say that we are in one boat.
Let me ask you one question, would you dare to eat the food after someone has bitten or eat it ? When we walk in the mountain, and we are hurry to go to our today destination, maybe the weather is bad,it's cold and windy, maybe with a little rain. We don't have much time to stay and take rest.But it really great, if you can drink hot soup with nuddle during that time.Sometime, we really cook the fast noddle in one steel cup. And everyone use this one cup in turn.It is possible not only one round, it could be two or three. But when we are not in the mountain, we won't do that.
It's nauseated.
Finally, you may wonder about is it a self-introduction ??? when will i start to talk about myself ?I want to say that it's my self introduction. I hope sharing my experience may help you to know who I am.Thank you for your attention.

Introductory Speech- Oral Communication